Appendix A: Symbols and Prefixes
(Appendix A last revised March 2013)
This appendix of the Author's Kit provides recommendations on prefixes, unit symbols and abbreviations, acronyms, and factors for conversion into units of the International System.
Recommended prefixes indicating decimal multiples or submultiples of units and their symbols are as follows:
| Multiple | Prefix | Abbreviation |
| 1024 | yotta | Y |
| 1021 | zetta | Z |
| 1018 | exa | E |
| 1015 | peta | P |
| 1012 | tera | T |
| 109 | giga | G |
| 106 | mega | M |
| 103 | kilo | k |
| 102 | hecto | h |
| 10 | deka | da |
| 10-1 | deci | d |
| 10-2 | centi | c |
| 10-3 | milli | m |
| 10-6 | micro | μ |
| 10-9 | nano | n |
| 10-12 | pico | p |
| 10-15 | femto | f |
| 10-18 | atto | a |
| 10-21 | zepto | z |
| 10-24 | yocto | y |
Avoid using compound prefixes, such as micromicro for pico and kilomega for giga. The abbreviation of a prefix is considered to be combined with the abbreviation/symbol to which it is directly attached, forming with it a new unit symbol, which can be raised to a positive or negative power and which can be combined with other unit abbreviations/symbols to form abbreviations/symbols for compound units. For example:
1 cm3 = (10-2 m)3 = 10-6 m3
1 μs-1 = (10-6 s)-1 = 106 s-1
1 mm2/s = (10-3 m)2/s = 10-6 m2/s
Whenever possible, avoid using abbreviations and symbols in paragraph text; however, when it is deemed necessary to use such, define all but the most common at first use. The following is a recommended list of abbreviations/symbols for some important units, and it also includes other common abbreviations and go site acronyms that may be used in tables and figures, and, if deemed necessary, in paragraph text. The form of unit abbreviations/symbols is the same for both singular and plural usage, and they are not followed by a period. The distinction between uppercase and lowercase letters should be carefully observed. When a compound unit is formed by the multiplication of two or more units, its abbreviation/symbol consists of the symbols for the separate units joined by a raised dot, for example, N·m for newton-meter. When a compound unit is formed by division of one unit by another, its abbreviation/symbol consists of the symbols for the separate symbols either separated by solidus (slant) or multiplied using negative powers, for example, m/s or m·s-1 for meters per second.
| alternating current | ac |
| American wire gauge | AWG |
| ampere | A |
| ampere-hour | Ah |
| ampere-turn | At |
| amplitude modulation | AM |
| antilogarithm | antilog |
| atomic mass unit (unified) | U |
| audio frequency | AF |
| automatic frequency control | AFC |
| automatic gain control | AGC |
| automatic volume control | AVC |
| average | avg |
| backward-wave oscillator | BWO |
| bar | bar |
| barn | b |
| beat-frequency oscillator | BFO |
| bel | B |
| billion electronvolts | GeV |
| binary coded decimal | BCD |
| British thermal unit | Btu |
| calorie | cal |
| calorie (International Table calorie) | calIT |
| calorie (thermochemical calorie) | calth |
| candela | cd |
| candela per square foot | cd/ft2 |
| candela per square meter | cd/m2 |
| cathode-ray oscilloscope | CRO |
| cathode-ray tube | CRT |
| centimeter | cm |
| centimeter-gram-second | CGS |
| circular mil | cmil |
| continuous wave | CW |
| coulomb | C |
| coupling capacitor voltage transformer | ccvt |
| cubic centimeter | cm3 |
| cubic foot | ft3 |
| cubic foot per minute | ft3/min |
| cubic foot per second | ft3/s |
| cubic inch | in3 |
| cubic meter | m3 |
| cubic meter per second | m3/s |
| cubic yard | yd3 |
| curie | Ci |
| current transformer | Ct |
| decibel | dB |
| decibel referred to one milliwatt | dBm |
| degree (temperature) Celsius | °C |
| degree (temperature) Fahrenheit | °F |
| diameter | dia |
| direct current | dc |
| double sideband | DSB |
| electrocardiograph | ECG |
| electroencephalograph | EEG |
| electromagnetic compatibility | EMC |
| electromagnetic unit | EMU |
| electromotive force | EMF |
| electronic data processing | EDP |
| electronvolt | eV |
| electrostatic unit | ESU |
| extra high voltage | EHV |
| extremely high frequency | EHF |
| extremely low frequency | ELF |
| farad | F |
| field-effect transistor | FET |
| foot | ft |
| footcandle | fc |
| footlambert | fL |
| foot per minute | ft/min |
| foot per second | ft/s |
| foot per second squared | ft/s2 |
| foot poundal | ft·pdl |
| foot pound-force | ft·lbf |
| frequency modulation | FM |
| frequency-shift keying | FSK |
| gal | Gal |
| gigaelectronvolt | GeV |
| gigahertz | GHz |
| gram | g |
| henry | H |
| hertz | Hz |
| high frequency | HF |
| high voltage | HV |
| horsepower | hp |
| hour | h |
| inch | in |
| inch per second | in/s |
| inductance-capacitance | LC |
| infrared | IR |
| inside diameter | ID |
| intermediate frequency | IF |
| joule | J |
| joule per kelvin | J/K |
| kelvin | K |
| kiloelectronvolt | keV |
| kilogram | kg |
| kilohertz | kHz |
| kilohm | kΩ |
| kilojoule | kJ |
| kilometer | km |
| kilometer per hour | km/h |
| kilovar | kvar |
| kilovolt | kV |
| kilovoltampere | kVA |
| kilowatt | kW |
| kilowatthour | kWh |
| knot | knot |
| liter | L |
| liter per second | L/s |
| logarithm | log |
| logarithm, natural | ln |
| low frequency | LF |
| lumen | lm |
| lumen per square foot | lm/ft2 |
| lumen per square meter | lm/m2 |
| lumen per watt | lm/W |
| lumen second | lm·s |
| lux | lx |
| magnetohydrodynamics | MHD |
| magnetomotive force | MMF |
| medium frequency | MF |
| megaelectronvolt | MeV |
| megahertz | MHz |
| megavolt | MV |
| megavar | Mvar |
| megawatt | MW |
| megohm | MΩ |
| metal-oxide semiconductor | MOS |
| meter | m |
| meter-kilogram-second | MKS |
| mho | mho |
| microampere | μA |
| microbar | μbar |
| microfarad | μF |
| microgram | μg |
| microhenry | μH |
| micrometer | μm |
| micrombo | μmho |
| micron | μm |
| microsecond | μs |
| microsiemens | μS |
| microwatt | μW |
| mil | mil |
| mile per hour | mi/h |
| mile (statute) | mi |
| milliampere | mA |
| millibar | mbar |
| millibarn | mb |
| milligram | mg |
| millihenry | mH |
| milliliter | mL |
| millimeter | mm |
| millimeter of mercury, conventional | mmHg |
| millisecond | ms |
| millisiemens | mS |
| millivolt | mV |
| milliwatt | mW |
| minute (time) | min |
| nanoampere | nA |
| nanofarad | nF |
| nanometer | nm |
| nanosecond | ns |
| nanowatt | nW |
| nautical mile | nmi |
| neper | Np |
| newton | N |
| newton meter | Nm |
| newton per square meter | N/m2 |
| ohm | Ω |
| ounce (avoirdupois) | oz |
| outside diameter | OD |
| pascal | Pa |
| per unit | pu |
| phase modulation | PM |
| picoampere | pA |
| picocoloumb | pC |
| picofarad | pF |
| picosecond | ps |
| picowatt | pW |
| pint | pt |
| pound | lb |
| poundal | pdl |
| pound-force | lbf |
| pound-force foot | lbf·ft |
| pound-force per square inch | lbf/in2 |
| pound (force) per square inch | lbf/in2 |
| power factor | PF |
| private branch exchange | PBX |
| pulse-amplitude modulation | PAM |
| pulse-code modulation | PCM |
| pulse-count modulation | PCM |
| pulse-duration modulation | PDM |
| pulse-position modulation | PPM |
| pulse-repetition frequency | PRF |
| pulse-repetition rate | PRR |
| pulse-time modulation | PTM |
| pulse-width modulation | PWM |
| quart | qt |
| rad | rd |
| radian | rad |
| radio frequency | RF |
| radio-frequency interference | RFI |
| rem | rem |
| resistance-capacitance | RC |
| resistance-inductance-capacitance | RLC |
| revolution per minute | r/min |
| revolution per second | r/s |
| roentgen | R |
| root-mean-square | rms |
| second (time) | s |
| short wave | SW |
| siemens | S |
| signal-to-noise ratio | SNR |
| semiconductor controlled rectifier | SCR |
| silicon controlled rectifier | SCR |
| single sideband | SSB |
| square foot | ft2 |
| square inch | in2 |
| square meter | m2 |
| square yard | yd2 |
| standing-wave ratio | SWR |
| steradian | sr |
| superhigh frequency | SHF |
| television | TV |
| television interference | TVI |
| tesla | T |
| thin-film transistor | TFT |
| ton, short | ton |
| ton, metric | ton |
| transverse electric | TE |
| transverse electromagnetic | TEM |
| transverse magnetic | TM |
| traveling-wave tube | TWT |
| ultrahigh frequency | UHF |
| ultraviolet | UV |
| (unified) atomic mass unit | u |
| vacuum-tube voltmeter | VTVM |
| var | var |
| variable-frequency oscillator | VFO |
| very high frequency | VHF |
| very low frequency | VLF |
| vestigial sideband | VSB |
| volt | V |
| voltage controlled oscillator | VCO |
| voltage standing-wave ratio | VSWR |
| voltage transformer | vt |
| voltampere | VA |
| volume unit | vu |
| watt | W |
| watthour | Wh |
| watt per steradian | W/sr |
| watt per steradian square meter | W/(sr m2) |
| weber | Wb |
| yard | yd |
The following are some factors for conversion into units of the International System.
Length
1 inch = 2.54 centimeters (exactly)
1 foot = 0.3048 meter (exactly)
1 mile = 1609.3 meters
1 nautical mile = 1852 meters (exactly)
1 micron = 1 micrometer (exactly)
1 angstom = 0.1 nanometer (exactly)
Area
1 square inch = 6.4516 square centimeters (exactly)
1 square foot = 0.092 903 square meter
1 circular mil = 5.0671 x 10-4 square millimeter
1 acre = 4046.9 square meters
1 barn = 10-28 square meter (exactly)
1 hectare = 10 000 square meters (exactly)
Volume
1 cubic inch = 16.387 cubic centimeters
1 cubic foot = 0.028 317 cubic meter
1 fluid ounce (UK) = 28.413 cubic centimeters
1 fluid ounce (US) = 29.574 cubic centimeters
1 gallon (UK) = 4546.1 cubic centimeters
1 gallon (US) = 3785.4 cubic centimeters
1 barrel (US) (for petroleum; etc) = 0.158 99 cubic meter
1 acre foot = 1233.5 cubic meters
1 liter = 1000 cubic centimeters (exactly)
Speed
1 foot per minute = 5.08 millimeters per second (exactly)
1 mile per hour = 0.44704 meter per second (exactly)
1 knot = 0.514 44 meter per second
1 kilometer per hour = 0.277 78 meter per second
Mass
1 ounce (avoirdupois) = 28.350 grams
1 pound = 0.453 59 kilogram
1 slug = 14.594 kilograms
1 short ton = 907.18 kilograms
1 long ton = 1016.0 kilograms
1 tonne = 1000 kilograms (exactly)
Density
1 pound per cubic foot = 16.018 kilograms per cubic meter
1 pound per cubic inch = 27 680 kilograms per cubic meter
Force
1 poundal = 0.138 25 newton
1 ounce-force = 0.278 01 newton
1 pound-force = 4.4482 newtons
1 kilogram-force = 9.806 65 newtons (exactly)
1 dyne = 10-5 newton (exactly)
Pressure
1 poundal per square foot = 1.4882 pascals (newtons per square meter)
1 pound-force per square foot = 47.880 pascals
1 pound-force per square inch = 6894.8 pascals
1 conventional foot of water = 2989.1 pascals
1 conventional millimeter of mercury = 133.32 pascals
1 torr = 133.32 pascals
1 standard atmosphere (760 torr) = 101 325 pascals (exactly)
1 technical atmosphere (1 kgf/cm2) = 98 066.5 pascals (exactly)
1 bar = 100 000 pascals (exactly)
Energy, Work
1 foot poundal = 0.042 140 joule
1 foot pound-force = 1.3558 joules
1 British thermal unit (thermochemical) = 1054 joules
1 British thermal unit (International Table) = 1055 joules
1 calorie (thermochemical) = 4.184 joules (exactly)
1 calorie (International Table) = 4.1868 joules (exactly)
1 electronvolt = 1.602 x 10-19 joule
1 erg = 10-7 joule (exactly)
Power
1 foot pound-force per second = 1.3558 watts
1 horsepower (metric) = 735.50 watts
1 horsepower (British) = 745.70 watts
1 horsepower (electrical) = 746 watts (exactly)
1 British thermal unit (International Table) per hour = 0.2931 watt
1 erg per second = 10-7 watt (exactly)
Quantities of Light
1 footcandle = 10.764 lux (lumens per square meter)
1 footlambert = 3.4263 candelas per square meter
Quantities of Electricity and Magnetism
1 ESU of current ≃ 3.3356 x 10-10 ampere
1 EMU of current = 10 amperes (exactly)
1 ESU of electric potential ≃ 299.79 volts
1 EMU of electric potential = 10-8 volt (exactly)
1 ESU of capacitance ≃ 1.1126 x 10-12 farad
1 EMU of capacitance = 109 farads (exactly)
1 ESU of inductance ≃ 8.9876 x 1011 henrys
1 EMU of inductance = 10-9 henry (exactly)
1 ESU of resistance ≃ 8.9876 x 1011 ohms
1 EMU of resistance = 10-9 ohm (exactly)
1 gilbert ≃ 0.795 77 ampere
1 oersted ≃ 79.577 amperes per meter
1 maxwell = 10-8 weber (exactly)
1 gauss = 10-4 tesla (exactly)
Note that ESU means electrostatic CGS unit; EMU means electromagnetic CGS unit. In this list, the sign ≃ is to be read “corresponds to.” Since the change from either CGS system to the International System of Units involves a change in quantities, conversion of units by multiplication by a pure number is not, strictly speaking, possible. However, a physical situation which can be described as a “current” of 1 abampere can also be described as a current of 10 amperes.
